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Which Body Systems Are Interacting Together In This Learning Experience?

Written By Saturday, May 7, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Discuss how different body systems interact with i another

Every bit nosotros've learned our bodies are complicated systems made up of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. In order for life to function properly, however, these systems must work together. Organs often perform roles in multiple systems, due to their unique functions. In this section, we'll learn how systems work together, and we'll learn well-nigh a few essential life functions that require work from multiple torso systems.

Learning Objectives

  • Hash out how different body systems interact with i some other
  • Explain how unlike organ systems relate to one another to maintain homeostasis
  • Explicate how different organ systems work together to maintain blood solute levels

How Bodies Piece of work

The organ level of organization in the trunk may be the most familiar to us from our everyday experiences. Many of the common ailments nosotros hear about—an upset stomach, a broken bone, lung illness, peel cancer—are named for the organs they affect.

An organ is made up of tissues that work together to perform a specific role for the body as a whole. Groups of organs that perform related functions are organized into organ systems, which perform more general functions. Table 1 describes the structures and functions of some common organs.

Table ane. Structure and Function of Organs
Organ Main office(s) Tissues it contains Organ system(s) it is a part of
brain command of body systems and beliefs; cognition nervous, connective, epithelial nervous system; endocrine system
skin protection; support and containment; temperature and fluid regulation epithelial, nervous, connective, muscular integumentary system
stomach chemic and mechanical digestion of food epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous digestive system
sternum (breastbone) support; protection; blood cell production epithelial, connective, nervous skeletal system; immune system; cardiovascular system
kidney waste matter removal; fluid regulation epithelial, connective, nervous urinary organization

Organ Systems, The Whole Torso, and Populations

Organ systems are made up of organs that work together to perform a specific function for the body as a whole. Table 2 describes the organ systems and their primary organs and physiological functions that we will cover in subsequent pages.

Note that nosotros have opted to organize the rest of this module into three basic groups: systems involved in "control," systems of "cell maintenance," and systems of "back up." It is of import to remember simply as organs and systems work together that these categories are not mutually exclusive. For instance, nosotros have placed the reproductive organisation in the control category since information technology is involved in controlling the procedure and events of reproduction. However, the reproductive system is also a cell maintenance system, every bit it produces and maintains the bodily cells used in reproduction. Just keep in listen these are groupings to assist you mentally organize your learning more they hard rules of anatomy and physiology.

Table ii. Organ Systems
Organ system Key Organ(south) Primary function(southward)
nervous brain, spinal cord control of behavior and body systems; cognition
endocrine glands control of the torso systems and development
reproductive penis, testes, prostate (male); uterus, ovaries, vagina (female) reproduction
sensory nerves and receptors associated with tongue, ears, skin, eyes, nose detect external stimuli and chemicals
cardiovascular center, claret vessels transport of materials through the body; regulation of temperature
respiratory trachea, lungs gas substitution; regulation of temperature
immune thymus, tonsils, spleen defense force agains infection
digestive tongue, esophagus, stomach, minor intestine, large intestine, gallbladder, rectum digestion of food; waste removal
muscular muscles, tendons back up; motion
skeletal bones, cartilage support; protection; movement; blood prison cell production
integumentary skin back up; protection; regulation of fluid levels

The Whole Body

The organ systems of the body all piece of work together to maintain proper physiological functions. Many times in the arena of anatomy and physiology, including in this course, we closely examine the molecules, cells, tissues and organs of the trunk to learn their forms and functions. Withal, it is important to consider that every molecule works as part of the entire system. Endocrine disorders such equally diabetes affect glucose levels in the torso. Altered blood glucose levels tin affect many organ systems. For example, the immune system may not heal as well, the urinary system may experience kidney damage, and the cardiovascular arrangement can experience vascular impairment, even to the bespeak of causing blindness. In the body, everything is interconnected.

Assigning organs to organ systems can be imprecise since organs that "belong" to one system tin besides take functions integral to another system. In fact, almost organs contribute to more than 1 arrangement.

This illustration shows eight silhouettes of a human female, each showing the components of a different organ system. The integumentary system encloses internal body structures and is the site of many sensory receptors. The integumentary system includes the hair, skin, and nails. The skeletal system supports the body and, along with the muscular system, enables movement. The skeletal system includes cartilage, such as that at the tip of the nose, as well as the bones and joints. The muscular system enables movement, along with the skeletal system, but also helps to maintain body temperature. The muscular system includes skeletal muscles, as well as tendons that connect skeletal muscles to bones. The nervous system detects and processes sensory information and activates bodily responses. The nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves, such as those located in the limbs. The endocrine system secretes hormones and regulates bodily processes. The endocrine system includes the pituitary gland in the brain, the thyroid gland in the throat, the pancreas in the abdomen, the adrenal glands on top of the kidneys, and the testes in the scrotum of males as well as the ovaries in the pelvic region of females. The cardiovascular system delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues as well as equalizes temperature in the body. The cardiovascular system includes the heart and blood vessels. The lymphatic system returns fluid to the blood and defends against pathogens. The lymphatic system includes the thymus in the chest, the spleen in the abdomen, the lymphatic vessels that spread throughout the body, and the lymph nodes distributed along the lymphatic vessels. The respiratory system removes carbon dioxide from the body and delivers oxygen to the blood. The respiratory system includes the nasal passages, the trachea, and the lungs. The digestive system processes food for use by the body and removes wastes from undigested food. The digestive system includes the stomach, the liver, the gall bladder (connected to the liver), the large intestine, and the small intestine. The urinary system controls water balance in the body and removes and excretes waste from the blood. The urinary system includes the kidneys and the urinary bladder. The reproductive system of males and females produce sex hormones and gametes. The male reproductive system is specialized to deliver gametes to the female while the female reproductive system is specialized to support the embryo and fetus until birth and produce milk for the infant after birth. The male reproductive system includes the two testes within the scrotum as well as the epididymis which wraps around each testis. The female reproductive system includes the mammary glands within the breasts and the ovaries and uterus within the pelvic cavity.

Effigy 1. Click for a larger image. Organs that work together are grouped into organ systems.

Maintaining Homeostasis

Each organ organization performs specific functions for the body, and each organ organisation is typically studied independently. However, the organ systems as well work together to aid the body maintain homeostasis.

Water Levels

For instance, the cardiovascular, urinary, and lymphatic systems all assistance the body command water balance. The cardiovascular and lymphatic systems send fluids throughout the trunk and help sense both solute and water levels and regulate pressure. If the water level gets too high, the urinary system produces more than dilute urine (urine with a higher h2o content) to aid eliminate the excess water. If the water level gets besides low, more than concentrated urine is produced so that water is conserved.

Internal Temperatures

Similarly, the cardiovascular, integumentary (peel and associated structures), respiratory, and muscular systems work together to assistance the body maintain a stable internal temperature. If trunk temperature rises, claret vessels in the skin dilate, allowing more claret to flow near the peel's surface. This allows heat to misemploy through the skin and into the surrounding air. The skin may likewise produce sweat if the body gets besides hot; when the sweat evaporates, it helps to cool the torso. Rapid breathing tin besides help the body eliminate backlog estrus. Together, these responses to increased trunk temperature explain why you sweat, pant, and become cherry in the face when yous practise hard. (Heavy breathing during do is also one fashion the body gets more oxygen to your muscles, and gets rid of the extra carbon dioxide produced by the muscles.)

Conversely, if your body is likewise cold, blood vessels in the skin contract, and blood menstruum to the extremities (arms and legs) slows. Muscles contract and relax chop-chop, which generates heat to proceed you warm. The hair on your pare rises, trapping more air, which is a good insulator, about your pare. These responses to decreased body temperature explain why yous shiver, get "goose bumps," and take common cold, pale extremities when you are cold.

Instance Written report: Fevers

Then what happens when you have a fever? Does this hateful your body is unable to maintain its homeostasis, in the same fashion your house volition get likewise hot if your air conditioner is broken?

In extreme cases, a fever tin can be a medical emergency; simply fever is an adaptive physiological response of our body to sure infectious agents. Sure chemicals chosen pyrogens will trigger your hypothalamus to shift the ready betoken to a higher value. This is more than like you programming the thermostat in your house to a higher temperature to save energy on a hot day when you are not going to be home during the mean solar day. These pyrogens can come from microorganisms that infect you, or they tin can exist produced by your body cells in response to an infection of some sort.

Practice Questions

  1. Every bit the level of pyrogens increases in your claret, and the set bespeak resets higher, chemoreceptors now stimulating the hypothalamus are responding to ________ as the variable, rather than thermoreceptors responding to torso temperature as the variable.
    1. temperature
    2. pyrogens
    3. center rate
    4. claret pressure

    Option b is correct. The increase in pyrogen chemicals in the claret is stimulating the receptors that reset the upper temperature limit for a febrile response. Temperature is the variable during normal body temperature regulation, but not in this scenario. The blood carries the chemical that is stimulating the febrile response, but the center rate won't direct stimulate this receptor. The blood carries the chemical that is stimulating the febrile response, merely the blood pressure won't directly stimulate this receptor.

  2. The command centre is the _________.
    1. skeletal muscle
    2. sweat glands
    3. blood vessels
    4. hypothalamus

    Answer d is correct. The hypothalamus is the control center for both normal body temperature homeostasis and delirious response.The skeletal muscle, sweat glands, and blood vessels are are all effectors.

  3. Because the ready point has been increased, yous now experience cold fifty-fifty though you take what would usually be a body temperature within the salubrious range. This produces the "chills" you feel when you get a fever. In response, the hypothalumus volition work to increase body temperature. Which response will do this?
    1. The hypothalamus will stimulate sweat glands and dilating blood vessels every bit effectors to cool off the body.
    2. The hypothalamus will stimulate skeletal muscles to shiver and constricting claret vessels.

Although the evidence is merely indirect, fever is believed to heighten the body'southward immune response. The increased temperature may actually impair the replication of infecting leaner and viruses that are adjusted to survive all-time at your normal homeostatic trunk temperature range. This tin can give your immune cells a risk to destroy the microorganisms before they tin can rapidly multiply and spread in the body. In that location is also some indirect evidence that increased body temperature slightly modifies several metabolic reactions in means that likewise allow the immune arrangement to function more than efficiently.

Practice Questions

  1. One time the new higher prepare point is reached, the thermoreceptors stimulate the _________ as the control center.
    1. skeletal musculus
    2. sweat glands
    3. blood vessels
    4. hypothalamus
  2. In response, the sweat glands and blood vessels (effectors) are stimulated to _________.
    1. secrete sweat for evaporation and dilate vessels for increased heat loss from claret nearly the surface of the pare.
    2. shiver to create heat and constrict vessels to conserve heat by keeping blood away from the surface of the skin.

Unfortunately during some infections, pyrogen levels come in "waves." This adjusts your temperature ready point up and down. When pyrogen levels dip, you get the other function of the fever experience: "the sweats" and feeling flushed. As long as the pyrogen levels go on to increase and decrease you will feel similar you are swinging back and forth.

Exercise Question

  1. Once the pyrogen level is reduced considering the infection is under control, the ________ (command center) will reset the higher set indicate to normal.
    1. thermoreceptors
    2. chemoreceptors
    3. hypothalamus

    Selection c is correct. The hypothalamus is still the command center that responds to a stimulus from some type of receptor. Thermoreceptors and chemoreceptors stimulate the control eye in response to a modify in the variable they monitor, in this case body temperature.

Your body will continue to swing back and forth betwixt the body'due south normal upper and lower temperature limits, but because it is now within your "normal" temperature range, you probably won't even notice that your body is still at work, maintaining the homoeostasis of this variable.

Practice Question

  1. Patients often get a fever after an operation. Which of the following wouldnot be a reasonable cause of such a response?
    1. Tissue trauma from the functioning has stimulated trunk cells to release pyrogens.
    2. Despite precautions, some bacteria have infected the person during the functioning.
    3. The performance has damaged the thermoreceptors
    4. Post-operative medications have impacted the immune system, causing the release of pyrogens.

    Pick c is correct. Thermoreceptors are located throughout the body, so it is unlikely an performance would directly damage all the receptors. All other options could be a cause of post-operative fever.

Homeostasis of Ions

Body functions such equally regulation of the heartbeat, contraction of muscles, activation of enzymes, and cellular communication crave tightly regulated calcium levels. Normally, nosotros get a lot of calcium from our diet. The small intestine absorbs calcium from digested food.

The endocrine organization is the command middle for regulating claret calcium homeostasis. The parathyroid and thyroid glands contain receptors that respond to levels of calcium in the blood. In this feedback system, claret calcium level is the variable, considering it changes in response to the environment. Changes in blood calcium level take the following effects:

  • When blood calcium is low, the parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone. This hormone causes effector organs (the kidneys and bones) to reply to increase calcium levels. The kidneys prevent calcium from beingness excreted in the urine. Osteoclasts in basic reabsorb bone tissue and release calcium.
  • When blood calcium levels are high, the thyroid gland releases calcitonin. Calcitonin causes the kidneys to reabsorb less calcium from the filtrate, allowing excess calcium to be removed from the body in urine. Calcitonin as well suppresses the formation of active vitamin D in the kidneys; without vitamin D the minor intestines don't absorb as much dietary calcium. Osteoblasts, stimulated by calcitonin, apply calcium in the claret to add to bone tissue.

Practice Questions

Based on the to a higher place description of calcium homeostasis, effort to answer these questions:

  1. What is the variable?
  2. What is the receptor?
  3. What is the control center?
  4. What is the effector?
  1. urine
  2. endocrine system
  3. parathyroid hormone or calcitonin
  4. calcium levels

Calcium imbalance in the blood can lead to disease or even death.Hypocalcemia refers to depression blood calcium levels. Signs of hypocalcemia include muscle spasms and heart malfunctions. Hypercalcemia occurs when blood calcium levels are college than normal. Hypercalcemia tin besides cause heart malfunction likewise as muscle weakness and kidney stones.

Practice Question

What trouble(s) is/are associated with calcium homeostasis dysfunction?

  1. heart disease
  2. bone affliction
  3. both
  4. neither

Choice c is correct. The heart is often afflicted by big brusque-term calcium changes, and basic are oftentimes affected by small long-term calcium changes. Calcium homeostasis dysfunction can also touch musculus function and can outcome in the formation of kidney stones.

Sentry this video for another discussion on homeostasis and organ systems:


Blood Calcium Levels

Equally you have learned, proper calcium levels are important to maintain whole body homeostasis. Calcium ions are used for the heartbeat, the contraction of muscles, the activation of enzymes, and cellular communication. The parathyroid and thyroid glands of the endocrine system detect changes in claret calcium levels. When the parathyroid glands detect low blood calcium levels, several organ systems alter their role to restore blood calcium levels back to normal. The skeletal, urinary, and digestive systems all act as effectors to achieve this goal through negative feedback.

The release of parathyroid hormone from the endocrine system triggers osteoclasts of the skeletal system to resorb bone and release calcium into the blood. Similarly, this hormone causes the kidneys of the urinary system to reabsorb calcium and return it to the blood instead of excreting calcium into the urine. Through altered office of the kidneys to form active vitamin D, the modest intestine of the digestive organisation increases the absorption of calcium.

When the thyroid gland detects elevated blood calcium levels, the skeletal, urinary, and digestive systems contribute to lower blood calcium levels back to normal. Release of the hormone calcitonin from the thyroid gland of the endocrine system triggers a series of responses. The osteoblasts of the skeletal system use excess calcium in the blood to eolith new bone. The kidneys of the urinary system excrete excess calcium into the urine instead of reclaiming calcium through reabsorption. Lastly, the kidneys stop forming active vitamin D, which causes decreased abdominal absorption of calcium through the digestive system.

Practice Question

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease in which the thyroid is overactive, producing an excessive corporeality of thyroid hormones. Some of the symptoms are centre palpitations and hand tremors.

Which system is impacted by the altered calcium levels in Graves' disease, according to the symptoms listed above?

  1. skeletal
  2. muscular
  3. urinary
  4. digestive

Selection b is correct. Skeletal muscles and the heart are impacted by altered calcium levels. The skeletal, urinary, and urinary systems are involved in calcium homeostasis, but they are not involved with the symptoms described here.

Blood Glucose Levels

The endocrine functions of the pancreas and liver coordinate efforts to maintain normal blood glucose levels. When pancreatic cells detect low claret glucose levels, the pancreas synthesizes and secretes the hormone glucagon. Glucagon causes the liver to convert the polymerized sugar glycogen into glucose through a process known as glycogenolysis. Glucose then travels through the blood to permit all cells of the body to use information technology.

If pancreatic cells detect loftier blood glucose levels, the pancreas synthesizes and release the hormone insulin. Insulin causes polymerization of glucose into glycogen, which is then stored in the liver through a process known as glycogenesis.

The nervous and digestive systems also play a role in maintaining blood glucose levels. When the breadbasket is empty and blood glucose levels are low, the digestive system and the brain answer by making you lot experience hungry—your tummy may "growl," and you may experience pain or discomfort in your midsection. These sensations prompt you lot to eat, which raises blood glucose levels.

Practice Question

The liver and pancreas are function of both the endocrine system and the digestive system. What is the utility of having integrated digestion and regulation?

Both the liver and pancreas tin can sense and aid procedure nutrients to maintain glucose homeostasis. This allows closer regulation.

Cheque Your Understanding

Answer the question(s) below to see how well you sympathise the topics covered in the previous section. This short quiz doesnot count toward your grade in the class, and you tin retake it an unlimited number of times.

Use this quiz to check your understanding and determine whether to (1) written report the previous section further or (2) motion on to the next section.

Which Body Systems Are Interacting Together In This Learning Experience?,

Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-wmopen-biology2/chapter/integration-of-systems/

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